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抗凝药与种植牙:我们不会给的那条医嘱

一位患者在前台与团队成员一起核对表格

您的用药清单是我们最先审阅的东西,也是最不该留在家里的东西

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抗凝药与种植牙:我们不会给的那条医嘱

多数患者来的时候,都做好了被告知「停药几天」的准备。现行的专业指南说的几乎相反——而这个道理值得弄懂。

一位患者在前台与团队成员一起核对表格
您的用药清单是我们最先审阅的东西,也是最不该留在家里的东西

我们不会给您的那条医嘱

服用抗凝药的患者往往带着一句熟悉的话进门:术前三天停药。这不是现行指南支持的那句话。美国牙医协会的立场是:对大多数患者而言,在牙科操作前没有必要改变抗凝或抗血小板治疗;而使用华法林等较早期抗凝药的方案,以及抗血小板药物的方案,都不应在牙科操作前改动。

这个道理是两种伤害之间的比较,而不是在说出血无关紧要。用 ADA 自己的表述:停用或减量这些方案的风险——血栓栓塞、卒中、心肌梗死——远远超过出血时间延长的后果,而后者可以用局部措施控制。口腔手术后的出血是看得见的、令人紧张的,也是在椅位上可处理的。卒中三样都不是。

这一页上有一句话比其他任何一句都重要:改变抗凝方案,从来不是我们单方面的决定,也从来不是您单方面的决定。ADA 指南是:牙科手术前任何建议的方案调整,都应在与您的内科医生商议并听取其意见之后作出。如果我们真的提出某项调整,您会在我们与他们谈过之后听到——而不是取而代之。

一位患者对着镜子轻轻碰自己的脸颊
疼痛需要的是检查,不是猜测

华法林,以及真正拍板的那个数字

对华法林来说,相关指标是 INR,它描述您的凝血时间被延长了多少。ADA 引用的证据是:INR 在治疗范围内——3.0 或更低——的患者可以继续其常规华法林方案,而中等侵入性的口腔手术在 INR 为 3.5 时是安全的,部分作者把上限放在 4.0。

所以我们要的是一个近期的 INR。整个请求就是这个:不是停药,不是桥接方案,是一个数字。需要多近,取决于您的数值有多稳定,这一点您的医生比我们更清楚——对有些患者来说,最近几天的一次测量才合适;对另一些人,一段稳定的近期记录就够了。把您手上有的带来,其余的我们向开药的医生要。

这也是手术日要提前规划而不是临场发挥的若干原因之一。预约的时间、一次坐诊里做多少颗拔牙、病例是否分期、创口如何关闭——当我们了解您的 INR 记录时,这些决定读起来都不一样;而且它们在一周前的纸面上比在当天的椅位上更容易做对。

更新的抗凝药,以及抗血小板药

直接口服抗凝药——阿哌沙班、利伐沙班、达比加群和艾多沙班——没有可查的 INR,这让期待「有个数字可以指」的患者不安。ADA 指南对它们有明确的说法:对大多数接受牙科操作的患者,配合控制出血的常规局部措施,抗凝方案无需改变。它们作用时间更短、更可预测,是原因之一。

抗血小板药值得单独一段,因为最可能被劝停的那些患者,恰恰是停药代价最高的人。阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛以及双联抗血小板治疗都不应过早中断——尤其是在支架植入之后,在小型口腔手术前中断双联治疗是被明确不建议的。针对接受单联或双联抗血小板治疗患者的侵入性牙科操作研究,并未发现出血并发症有临床意义上的增加;出现出血时,局部措施都处理住了。

如果您同时服用其中不止一种,或者抗凝药与抗血小板药并用,那不是预期会被拒绝的理由。那是我们在规划任何事情之前先联系您的心脏科医生的理由,好让我们带回给您的方案里已经装着他们的意见,而不是在末尾附上一条提醒。

一位牙医和助手在椅旁与患者讨论治疗选择
负责任的咨询也会说明什么时候种植不是答案

出血是怎么控制的——在椅位上,不在您的药盒里

这套工具是平常的,不是英勇的:机械压迫、可吸收明胶海绵或氧化纤维素这类局部止血材料、缝合,以及氨甲环酸这类抗纤溶药。指南说「出血时间延长可以在局部得到控制」时,指的就是这些措施;对一位抗凝患者,它们是提前备好的,而不是临时惊讶着去找的。

种植手术对组织的扰动通常也比患者拿来比较的拔牙更轻——一个预备好的窝洞会围着坐进去的种植体闭合。这不是承诺一个不出血的下午,我们按「出血需要管理」来规划。您的术后医嘱会相应调整,术后指导会告诉您正常是什么样子,以及什么时候该打电话而不是等。

该带什么:所有抗凝药和抗血小板药,连同剂量和频次;开药医生的姓名;如果您服用华法林,还有一份近期的 INR。您用药清单上的其余部分同样重要——完整的病史图景解释了为什么;如果需要内科医生的意见,我们会说明医疗许可实际上是怎么运作的,而不是留您自己猜。

本文属于患者教育内容,由 Dr. Sam Jain, DMD, MS 审阅,,不能替代检查。治疗建议仅在面诊和 3D 影像检查之后给出——首次就诊免费

还有疑问? 读者接下来常问的问题。

种植手术前我需要停用抗凝药吗?

对大多数患者来说,不需要。ADA 现行指南是:对大多数患者,牙科操作前没有必要改变抗凝或抗血小板治疗,因为停药的风险——血栓栓塞、卒中、心梗——远远超过出血时间延长,而后者可以在局部得到控制。绝不要自行停药;任何改变都是您内科医生的决定。

种植手术在什么 INR 下是安全的?

ADA 引用的证据是:INR 处在治疗范围内、即 3.0 或更低的患者,可以继续其常规华法林方案;而中等侵入性的口腔手术在 INR 为 3.5 时是安全的,部分作者把上限放到 4.0。我们向您要的是一次近期测量;需要多近取决于您的数值有多稳定,这一点开药的医生可以告诉我们。

我在用阿哌沙班。没有 INR——你们怎么判断?

对直接口服抗凝药——阿哌沙班、利伐沙班、达比加群、艾多沙班——ADA 指南是:对大多数接受牙科操作的患者,配合控制出血的常规局部措施,方案无需改变。没有 INR 并不等于没有信息;剂量、服药时间和您的肾功能都会进入这份规划。

支架之后我在用阿司匹林加氯吡格雷。这有区别吗?

这是停药风险最高的情形,所以答案更用力地倒向不中断,而不是倒向中断。支架植入后双联抗血小板治疗不应过早中断,在小型口腔手术前中断它也是被明确不建议的。我们会在规划手术前联系您的心脏科医生,让他们的看法长进方案里。

术后我会比别的患者出血更多吗?

您可能渗血的时间更长,这是意料之中而非令人不安的,也正是创口按这个前提关闭和保护的原因。您会拿到一份为抗凝患者写的术后医嘱,包括正常是什么样、什么不正常,以及什么时候该给我们打电话而不是等。下班时间能联系到我们,是这份方案的一部分,不是事后补上的。

从读者到患者

文章之外, 患者的真实评价

以下是我们在 Google 上最新的五星评价。评分和总数包含我们 Google 主页上的全部评价。

4.9来自我们 Google 主页上的 472 条评价
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